Study of Electrolyte Abnormalities and Their Relationship with Clinical Outcomes in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients

Abstract

Background

Electrolyte disturbances are common in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and may contribute to adverse clinical outcomes. This study assessed the pattern of electrolyte abnormalities and their relationship with outcomes in CKD patients.

Materials and Methods

This prospective observational study included 150 adult CKD patients. Clinical characteristics, CKD stage, serum electrolytes, and relevant outcomes were assessed and analyzed.

Results

The mean age was 56.8 ± 13.4 years, and 60.7% were males. Overall, 74.7% had at least one electrolyte abnormality. Low bicarbonate (44.7%), hyperphosphatemia (40.7%), hypocalcemia (38.7%), hyponatremia (32.7%), and hyperkalemia (28.0%) were most frequent. Hyperkalemia increased from 9.8% in stage 3 to 44.4% in stage 5 CKD (p<0.001). Serum potassium (r=−0.39) and phosphate (r=−0.45) correlated negatively with eGFR, while bicarbonate correlated positively (r=0.42; all p<0.001). Electrolyte abnormalities, particularly hyperkalemia, were significantly associated with adverse clinical outcomes.

Conclusion

Electrolyte abnormalities were frequent and increased with advancing CKD. Regular monitoring and timely correction may help identify high-risk patients and improve clinical management.